![]() Main article: Venus in culture § Canaanite mythology But if Luna (the Moon) is a goddess, then Lucifer (the Morning-Star) also and the rest of the Wandering Stars ( Stellae Errantes) will have to be counted gods and if so, then the Fixed Stars ( Stellae Inerrantes) as well." Planet Venus, Sumerian folklore, and fall from heaven motif Cicero stated that "You say that Sol the Sun and Luna the Moon are deities, and the Greeks identify the former with Apollo and the latter with Diana. In the classical Roman period, Lucifer was not typically regarded as a deity and had few, if any, myths, though the planet was associated with various deities and often poetically personified. Ovid also makes him the father of Ceyx, while the Latin grammarian Servius makes him the father of the Hesperides or of Hesperis. Ovid, speaking of Phosphorus and Hesperus (the Evening Star, the evening appearance of the planet Venus) as identical, makes him the father of Daedalion. The Latin poet Ovid, in his 1st-century epic Metamorphoses, describes Lucifer as ordering the heavens: Īurora, watchful in the reddening dawn, threw wide her crimson doors and rose-filled halls the Stellae took flight, in marshaled order set by Lucifer who left his station last. It is visible both at dawn and sunset, and so properly has been called both Luciferus and Hesperus. Some have said it represents the son of Aurora and Cephalus, who surpassed many in beauty, so that he even vied with Venus, and, as Eratosthenes says, for this reason it is called the star of Venus. In many tales it is recorded that it is called Hesperus, too. The fourth star is that of Venus, Luciferus by name. The 2nd-century Roman mythographer Pseudo-Hyginus said of the planet: (Whence also Modern German " Österreich" meaning "Eastern Kingdom", as well as Modern English "east".) This agreement has led scholars to reconstruct a Proto-Indo-European dawn goddess. All four are considered derivatives of the Proto-Indo-European stem *h₂ewsṓs (later *Ausṓs), "dawn", a stem that also gave rise to Proto-Germanic * Austrō, Old Germanic * Ōstara and Old English Ēostre/Ēastre. The name "Aurora" is cognate to the name of the Vedic goddess Ushas, that of the Lithuanian goddess Aušrinė, and that of the Greek goddess Eos, all three of whom are also goddesses of the dawn. Lucifer's mother Aurora corresponds to goddesses in other cultures. Poets sometimes personify the star, placing it in a mythological context. It is used in its astronomical sense both in prose and poetry. The Latin word corresponding to Greek Phosphoros is Lucifer. ![]() Planet Venus in alignment with Mercury (above) and the Moon (below) A similar name used by the Roman poet Catullus for the planet in its evening aspect is "Noctifer" (Night-Bringer). In Greco-Roman civilization, it was often personified and considered a god and in some versions considered a son of Aurora (the Dawn). Īs a name for the planet in its morning aspect, "Lucifer" (Light-Bringer) is a proper noun and is capitalized in English. The translators of this version took the word from the Latin Vulgate, which translated הֵילֵל by the Latin word lucifer (uncapitalized), meaning "the morning star", "the planet Venus", or, as an adjective, "light-bringing". Modern scholarship generally translates the term in the relevant Bible passage ( Isaiah 14:12), where the Greek Septuagint reads ὁ ἑωσφόρος ὁ πρωὶ, as "morning star" or "shining one" rather than as a proper noun, Lucifer, as found in the Latin Vulgate.Īs a name for the Devil in Christian theology, the more common meaning in English, "Lucifer" is the rendering of the Hebrew word הֵילֵל, hêlēl, (pronunciation: hay-lale) in Isaiah given in the King James Version of the Bible. The entity's name was subsequently absorbed into Christianity as a name for the devil. Lucifer is one of various figures in folklore associated with the planet Venus. ![]() The Fallen Angel (1847) by Alexandre Cabanel ( Musée Fabre, Montpellier)
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